The Renaissance Period: Unveiling the Forces and Factors that Ignited a Cultural Revolution

 This blog is part of an assignment for the paper 105(A)History of English Literature – From 1350 to 1900  , sem- 1 , 2023.

* Table of contents:

• Personal Information 
• Assignment Details
• Introduction
• Historical context 
• Economic factors  
• Humanism and individualism
• Artistic Renaissance
• Scientific advancements 
• Printing Revolution 
• Conclusion
• References 

* personal information:

• Name: Maruniya Jay B
• Batch: M.A sem 1
• Enrollment No: 5108230027
• Roll No: 15
• Email ID: maruniyajay2018@gmail.com

* Assignment Details:

• Topic: The Renaissance Period: Unveiling the Forces and Factors that Ignited a Cultural Revolution
• Paper and subject code: 105(A)- History of English Literature – From 1350 to 1900( 22396)
• Submitted To: smt. Sujata Binoy Gardi, Department of English, MKBU, Bhavanagar 
• Date of submission:01/December/2023

* Introduction:

The Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" in French, was a cultural and intellectual movement that spanned roughly the 14  tothe17thcenturyinEurope.Renaissance, period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages and conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in Classical scholarship and values. The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the substitution of the Copernican for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce, and the invention or application of such

potentially powerful innovations as paper, printing, the mariner’s compass, and gunpowder. To the scholars and thinkers of the day, however, it was primarily a time of the revival of Classical learning and wisdom after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation.

“[how can anyone] be silly enough to think himself better than other people, because his clothes are made of finer woolen thread than theirs. After all, those fine clothes were once worn by a sheep, and they never turned it into anything better than a sheep.”( Thomas more)

The term Middle Ages was coined by scholars in the 15th century to designate the interval between the downfall of the Classical world of Greece and Rome and its rediscovery at the beginning of their own century, a revival in which they felt they were participating. Indeed, the notion of a long period of cultural darkness had been expressed by Petrarch even earlier. Events at the end of the Middle Ages, particularly beginning in the 12th century, set in motion a series of social, political, and intellectual transformations that culminated in the Renaissance. 

* Historical context:

The Renaissance, spanning the 14th to 17th centuries, was a transformative period in European history characterized by a revival of classical learning, artistic innovation, and intellectual exploration. Emerging from the Middle Ages, this cultural rebirth was fueled by a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts, leading to the development of humanism—a focus on human potential and achievement. Art flourished with masters like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, while scientific inquiry expanded with figures like Copernicus challenging traditional views of the cosmos. Economic prosperity, supported by increased trade, contributed to the flourishing of the arts, and the printing press played a pivotal role in disseminating knowledge. 

Recovery from plague:

The transition from the plague to the Renaissance marked a profound shift in Europe. The Black Death (1347-1351) devastated populations, leading to economic and social upheaval. However, its aftermath contributed to a labor shortage, empowering peasants and fostering urbanization.Amidst this, the Renaissance (14th-17th century) emerged as a cultural rebirth. Humanism, emphasizing classical learning, thrived. Art, science, and literature flourished, with figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo making significant contributions. The printing press played a crucial role in spreading ideas.

* Economic factors:

Trade and commerce:

The growth of trade and commerce, particularly in Italian city-states like Florence and Venice, contributed to the accumulation of wealth, fostering a patronage system for the arts and education.trade and commerce underwent significant transformations in Europe. The revival of interest in classical knowledge and the exploration of new trade routes contributed to economic growth. Merchant families, such as the Medici in Italy, played key roles in fostering trade and banking.

The Mediterranean remained a crucial trade hub, but the discovery of sea routes to Asia and the Americas expanded commerce. The Hanseatic League, a confederation of merchant guilds, dominated trade in Northern Europe. Innovations like double-entry bookkeeping enhanced financial management.Cities like Venice, Florence, and Bruges thrived as commercial centers. The rise of capitalism and a market economy encouraged entrepreneurship. The establishment of stock exchanges, like the one in Antwerp, facilitated investment.Artisans and guilds played integral roles in local economies. The printing press, invented by Gutenberg, revolutionized the dissemination of information and played a role in commercial communication.

Urbanization:

urbanization saw significant growth in Europe. Cities became centers of commerce, culture, and intellectual activity. The revival of trade and the emergence of a money-based economy contributed to the rise of urban centers. Cities like Florence, Venice, and Rome became hubs of artistic and scientific innovation, fostering a dynamic urban culture. The increased wealth from trade and commerce allowed for the construction of elaborate architectural structures, reflecting the prosperity of the time.Furthermore, the Renaissance urbanization was characterized by the development of city-states, where independent cities governed themselves. This decentralization of power often led to competition among cities, fostering creativity and cultural exchange. The expansion of printing press technology played a crucial role in disseminating knowledge, contributing to the intellectual vibrancy of urban centers. The growth of universities and academies in cities further fueled advancements in various fields, from the arts and sciences to philosophy. Overall, the Renaissance urbanization marked a transformative period that shaped the cultural landscape of Europe.

* Humanism and individualism:

Humanism:

the Renaissance ultimately took many forms, it was expressed earliest by the intellectual movement called humanism. Humanism was initiated by secular men of letters rather than by the scholar-clerics who had dominated medieval intellectual life and had developed the Scholastic philosophy. Humanism began and achieved fruition first in Italy. Its predecessors were men like Dante and Petrarch, and its chief protagonists included Giannozzo Manetti, Leonardo Bruni, Marsilio Ficino, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Lorenzo Valla, and Coluccio Salutati.The fall of Constantinople in 1453 provided humanism with a major boost, for many eastern scholars fled to Italy, bringing with them important books and manuscripts and a tradition of Greek scholarship.

“Man is mortal. This is his fate. Man pretends not to be mortal. That is his sin. Man is a creature of time and place, whose perspectives and insights are invariably conditioned by his immediate circumstances.”(Sylvan barnet)

Humanism had several significant features. First, it took human nature in all of its various manifestations and achievements as its subject. Second, it stressed the unity and compatibility of the truth found in all philosophical and theological schools and systems, a doctrine known as syncretism. Third, it emphasized the dignity of humankind. In place of the medieval ideal of a life of penance as the highest and noblest form of human activity, the humanists looked to the struggle of creation and the attempt to exert mastery over nature. Finally, humanism looked forward to a rebirth of a lost human spirit and wisdom. In the course of striving to recover it, however, the humanists assisted in the consolidation of a new spiritual and intellectual outlook and in the development of a new body of knowledge. The effect of humanism was to help men break free from the mental strictures imposed by religious orthodoxy, to inspire free inquiry and criticism, and to inspire a new confidence in the possibilities of human thought and creations.

Individualism:

The Renaissance period, spanning from the 14th to the 17th century, marked a shift towards individualism. This era saw a renewed interest in humanism, emphasizing human potential and achievements. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo celebrated individual creativity, contributing to the concept of the "Renaissance Man." Additionally, the rise of the printing press facilitated the spread of diverse ideas, fostering intellectual independence among individuals.Moreover, the Renaissance witnessed a decline in the strict adherence to medieval religious dogma. Humanists explored classical Greek and Roman texts, encouraging critical thinking and a focus on the individual's role in society. This intellectual liberation further fueled the emergence of individualism, promoting personal expression in art, literature, and philosophy. The concept of "self" became more prominent, reflecting a departure from the collective mindset of the Middle Ages.

* Artistic Renaissance:

Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1503–19; in the Louvre, Paris.( Monalisa)

It was in art that the spirit of the Renaissance achieved its sharpest formulation. Art came to be seen as a branch of knowledge, valuable in its own right and capable of providing people with images of God and his creations as well as with insights into humankind’s position in the universe. In the hands of men such as Leonardo da Vinci it was even a science, a means for exploring nature and a record of discoveries. Art was to be based on the observation of the visible world and practiced according to mathematical principles of balance, harmony, and perspective, which were developed at this time. In works of painters such as (Masaccio, the brothers Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Fra Angelico, Sandro Botticelli, Perugino, Piero della Francesca, Raphael, and Titian; sculptors such as Giovanni Pisano, Donatello, Andrea del Verrocchio, Lorenzo Ghiberti, and Michelangelo; and architects such as Leon Battista Alberti, Filippo Brunelleschi, Andrea Palladio, Michelozzo, and Filarete), the dignity of humanity found expression in the arts.

High Renaissance art, which flourished for about 35 years, from the early 1490s to 1527, when Rome was sacked by imperial troops, revolved around three towering figures: Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Michelangelo (1475–1564), and Raphael (1483–1520). Each of the three embodied an important aspect of the period: Leonardo was the ultimate Renaissance man, a solitary genius to whom no branch of study was foreign; Michelangelo emanated creative power, conceiving vast projects that drew for inspiration on the human body as the ultimate vehicle for emotional expression; Raphael created works that perfectly expressed the Classical spirit—harmonious.

* Scientific advancements:

Inquiry and Observation:

Renaissance thinkers, inspired by the scientific methods of ancient Greece and Rome, emphasized empirical observation and experimentation.Notable figures like Copernicus challenged geocentric views, proposing heliocentrism. Galileo Galilei improved the telescope, supporting heliocentric ideas. Kepler formulated laws of planetary motion, and Vesalius made strides in human anatomy through dissections. These breakthroughs laid the foundation for the Scientific Revolution.

Furthermore, advancements in mathematics were prominent during the Renaissance. Mathematicians like Leonardo da Vinci and Luca Pacioli explored geometry and introduced the concept of perspective in art. Additionally, the development of printing technology facilitated the dissemination of scientific knowledge, fostering collaboration and the spread of ideas across Europe. This period set the stage for future scientific progress in the Enlightenment era.

Copernican Revolution:

The Copernican Revolution, a pivotal moment in the history of science, unfolded during the Renaissance period in the 16th century. Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, presented a heliocentric model in his seminal work "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), published in 1543.In contrast to the prevailing geocentric model, which positioned Earth at the center of the universe, Copernicus proposed that the Earth and other planets orbited the Sun. This heliocentric model provided a more accurate explanation for the observed movements of celestial bodies. Copernicus's revolutionary idea challenged the entrenched Ptolemaic system and set the stage for a new understanding of the cosmos.

However, it's important to note that Copernicus's ideas were initially met with resistance, as they conflicted with longstanding beliefs and religious doctrines. Over time, observational evidence and further developments by astronomers such as Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei solidified the acceptance of the heliocentric model, marking a transformative shift in scientific thinking during the Renaissance. The Copernican Revolution laid the foundation for modern astronomy and our understanding of the solar system.

* Printing Revolution:

Gutenberg's Printing Press:

Invented around 1440, Johannes Gutenberg's printing press democratized access to information, making books more widely available and fostering the dissemination of knowledge.This technological innovation enabled the mass production of books, making them more affordable and accessible to a broader segment of society. The democratization of knowledge that ensued had profound cultural, intellectual, and societal impacts. It fueled the Renaissance by facilitating the spread of humanist ideas, classical literature, and scientific knowledge. The printing press played a pivotal role in the Protestant Reformation, as reformers used printed materials to challenge established religious authority. Beyond its intellectual influence, the Printing Revolution also contributed to economic changes, with the emergence of printing workshops and the growth of related industries. Overall, this revolution reshaped the fabric of society, laying the foundation for increased literacy, cultural transformation, and the acceleration of information dissemination.

* Conclusion:

In conclusion, the Renaissance was a transformative period marked by a convergence of intellectual, artistic, and scientific advancements. The revival of classical ideas, the flourishing of humanism, and the patronage of influential figures collectively fueled a cultural revolution that reshaped the course of history. This era not only celebrated the achievements of antiquity but also laid the groundwork for the modern world, emphasizing individualism, exploration, and the pursuit of knowledge. The Renaissance remains a pivotal chapter in human development, leaving an indelible impact on art, philosophy, and societal values.

* References:

Festus, Sam. “(PDF) Renaissance as a Cultural Phenomenon: Historical And ...” Researchgate.Net, Jan. 2019, www.researchgate.net/publication/332666984_Renaissance_as_a_Cultural_Phenomenon_Historical_and_Philosophical_Analysis

Lotha, Gloria. “Renaissance.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 25 Nov. 2023, www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance

 

Schafer, D.pual. “Revolution or Renaissance: Making the Transition from an Economic Age to a Cultural Age.” Recherche uO Research: Revolution or Renaissance: Making the Transition from an Economic Age to a Cultural Age, Les Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa Press, 1 Jan. 1970, ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/12963

Rossi, Daniella. “HUMANISM AND THE RENAISSANCE.” The Year’s Work in Modern Language Studies, vol. 69, 2007, pp. 476–90. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25834052 Accessed 27 Nov. 2023

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Beauty Standards in the Modern World: A Comparative Analysis with "The Rape of the Lock"

 This blog is part of an assignment for the paper 102 literature of  the Neo- classical period , sem- 1 , 2023.

* Table of contents:

• Personal Information 
• Assignment Details
• Abstract 
• Introduction
• Background Information
• Comparison of beauty Standards 
• Impact on individual and society 
• Conclusion
• References 

* Personal Information:

• Name: Maruniya Jay B
• Batch: M.A sem 1
• Enrollment No: 5108230027
• Roll No: 15
• Email ID: maruniyajay2018@gmail.com

* Assignment Details:

• Topic: Beauty Standards in the Modern World: A Comparative Analysis with "The Rape of the Lock"
• Paper and subject code: 102- Literature of the Neo- classical period ( 22393)
• Submitted To: smt. Sujata Binoy Gardi, Department of English, MKBU, Bhavanagar 
• Date of submission:01/December/2023

* Abstract:

Women and beauty are identical entities. Beauty is considered a feminine trait and becomes a necessity that has been deeply rooted in the wider social system and is culturally indoctrinated, and has even become a trend on social media. Every day, women are haunted and convinced by the standardization of beauty, which increasingly plunges women into the praise of beauty. This also makes many social media accounts that take a lot of interest and profit by creating Instagram accounts that contain photos of beautiful women. the deconstruction of women's beauty standards on social media, and how whether the post is an act of exploitation against women. A thorough qualitative method is used to examine social media especially Instagram which displays many photos of beautiful females. This study shows, first, the female beauty standard in social media mostly concerning beautiful and fashionable women. Second, the post on Instagram is an act of exploitation of women and is more concerned only with women's beauty rather than women's achievement.

* Introduction:

Beauties in vain their pretty eyes may roll;

Charms strike the sight, but merit wins the soul( Rape of the Lock)

The Rape of the Lock was written by Alexander Pope and first published in 1712, then reworked and published again in 1714. The poem is a mock-epic that satirizes the upper-class in London at the time.The story focuses on the central character, Belinda, whose lock of hair is cut off at a social gathering. Although trivial to most, Belinda is outraged that her lock of hair has been cut by the Baron. In the Rape of the Lock, Pope uses Belinda and the Baron to mock two of his acquaintances, Arabella Fermor, and Lord Petre. The poem follows the events of the night, leading up to Belinda’s “horrific” loss. "The Rape of the Lock" by Alexander Pope satirizes the superficiality of 18th-century society's beauty standards, emphasizing the triviality of appearance. In a modern context, beauty standards have evolved, influenced by media, social platforms, and cultural shifts. While societal expectations persist, there's a growing push for inclusivity and acceptance of diverse forms of beauty, challenging traditional norms. 

In the modern world, beauty standards continue to be influenced by various factors, such as the media, fashion industry, and social media. The rise of platforms like Instagram has amplified the emphasis on physical appearance, often contributing to unrealistic ideals. However, there is a growing awareness and movement toward body positivity and inclusivity, challenging conventional standards and promoting acceptance of diverse body types and features.

* Background Information:

Rape of the Lock:

"The Rape of the Lock" is a mock-heroic narrative poem written by Alexander Pope in the early 18th century. Published in 1712, the poem satirizes the frivolous society of the time, particularly the aristocracy. The "rape" in the title refers to the cutting of a lock of Belinda's hair, a seemingly trivial event that becomes the central focus of the poem. Through clever and humorous language, Pope explores the vanity, social rituals, and the exaggerated importance given to trivial matters in the society of his day. The poem is a classic example of Pope's satirical and witty style, blending epic conventions with a light-hearted tone.

Modern beauty standards are influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including media, culture, and social expectations. In recent times, there has been a growing movement towards embracing diverse body types, ethnicities, and gender expressions, challenging traditional notions of beauty. However, societal pressures and the pervasive influence of social media continue to contribute to a certain idealized image, often emphasizing slimness, youthfulness, and specific facial features. The ongoing conversation around beauty standards involves discussions on inclusivity, body positivity, and the impact of these standards on mental health.

* Comparison of beauty Standards:

Charms strike the sight, but merit wins the soul( Rape of the Lock)

• Beauty Standards in " Rape of the Lock"

"Rape of the Lock" by Alexander Pope satirizes the frivolous nature of 18th-century aristocratic society, including its emphasis on beauty and social status. The poem reflects the beauty standards of the time, highlighting the significance placed on physical appearance, particularly hair. The lock of hair serves as a symbol of feminine beauty and social standing, and the exaggerated importance placed on it satirizes the superficial values of the society in which the poem is set.In "The Rape of the Lock," Pope uses satire to criticize the obsession with superficial beauty, especially among the upper class. The poem centers around the cutting of a lock of Belinda's hair, turning a seemingly trivial event into a mock-heroic narrative. The elaborate descriptions of Belinda's appearance, the importance placed on her locks of hair, and the exaggerated rituals surrounding her toilette all satirize the vanity and shallowness of the society Pope is critiquing.

Furthermore,The poem also explores the theme of gender roles and expectations. Belinda's preoccupation with her appearance and the societal pressure she faces to maintain her beauty reflect the limited roles and expectations imposed on women in the 18th century. Pope's satire highlights the absurdity of these conventions and underscores the triviality of the concerns that occupy the characters' lives.

• Modern beauty Standards:

In contemporary society, beauty standards are complex and multifaceted, shaped by a combination of cultural, social, and media influences. The pervasive impact of social media, advertising, and entertainment plays a significant role in shaping perceptions of beauty. Often, these platforms highlight specific physical attributes, leading to the promotion of narrow and sometimes unrealistic ideals.While there's a growing movement towards embracing diversity and challenging traditional norms, there remains a persistent pressure to conform to certain beauty standards. This can have profound effects on individuals, influencing self-esteem and contributing to body image issues. The emphasis on a particular body size, shape, or skin tone can create a sense of inadequacy for those who don't fit these predetermined ideals.

Recent decades have seen the rise of a global beauty industry, with profound effects on people’s body images, ideals of beauty and beauty practices worldwide. In this special issue, we bring together original ethnographic contributions in order to explore an emerging field in so-cial anthropology, showing how bodily grooming and beautification are linked to the creation of gendered bodies and moral selves in the global economy. Following the focus on the relationship between physical beauty and femininity in the scholarly literature, as well as the pattern of responses to our editorial call for papers for this issue,1 we will ad-dress the role of beauty and self-making in relation to the creation of gendered, especially female, subjectivities. While contemporary beauty regimes affect all genders.Specific looks often serve as a form of social distinction, and research shows that aesthetic body modifications have to be analysed in their respective social and cultural contexts, not as individual decisions, but as meaningful within specific circles of friends, in particular work-places or urban neighbourhoods. To sum up, an anthropological perspective on beauty has much to offer the conceptualization of gendered and racialized subjectivities and hence is vital to our understanding of the contemporary condition. Not least, anthropological studies may be cap able of foregrounding the sensual aspects of beauty, as well as the desire and sexuality often inherent in practices of beautification – as-pects that are surprisingly absent from many studies.

• Similarities and Differences:

In "The Rape of the Lock," the beauty standards are deeply rooted in aristocratic culture, where physical appearance and symbolic attributes, like Belinda's lock of hair, hold significant social value. The poem satirizes the extravagant rituals and societal importance placed on superficial aspects of beauty.In the present day, there's a growing awareness of the impact of media and advertising on shaping beauty ideals. Body positivity movements promote acceptance of various body shapes and sizes, challenging traditional norms. Social media platforms have become influential in redefining beauty standards by showcasing a more diverse range of individuals.

Themes comparison:

"Rape of the Lock" by Alexander Pope explores themes of vanity, social satire, and the triviality of society's concerns. In connection with modern beauty standards, both highlight the obsession with appearance and the potential consequences of placing excessive importance on superficial qualities. The poem satirizes the frivolity of society's values, a critique that resonates with ongoing discussions about contemporary beauty standards and the impact they have on individuals and society as a whole.

* Impact on individual and society:

* Psychological and Social Effects

Adherence to prevailing beauty standards can significantly impact individuals' self-esteem and mental health. Constant exposure to idealized images in media and social platforms can lead to unrealistic expectations, fostering feelings of inadequacy. This pressure may contribute to body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, and, in some cases, the development of mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. The societal emphasis on certain beauty ideals often overlooks diversity, further intensifying the negative effects on individuals who don't conform to these standards.

Moreover, the pursuit of these beauty standards can lead to unhealthy behaviors, including extreme dieting, excessive exercise, or even engaging in risky cosmetic procedures. Such practices can pose physical health risks and perpetuate a cycle of dissatisfaction. Additionally, the constant comparison to airbrushed and curated images may fuel a sense of social isolation, as individuals feel they don't measure up to the perceived perfection of others. It's crucial for society to promote a more inclusive definition of beauty and encourage self-acceptance to alleviate the detrimental impact on individuals' well-being.

* Gender and beauty:

In "The Rape of the Lock," Alexander Pope satirizes 18th-century societal norms, including gender roles and beauty expectations. The poem highlights the triviality placed on female appearance, particularly through Belinda's preoccupation with her beauty. Similarly, contemporary society often grapples with persistent gender norms tied to beauty, with women facing pressure to conform to certain standards, perpetuated by media and societal expectations. Both contexts reveal the societal emphasis on appearance and its impact on gender roles.

* Conclusion:

"The Rape of the Lock" by Alexander Pope, a satirical poem, explores societal attitudes towards beauty and vanity in the 18th century. Through its witty narrative, it critiques the triviality of concerns related to appearance. In a comparative analysis with modern beauty standards, one can observe parallels in the satire, highlighting the persistent nature of societal preoccupations with superficial aspects. Both contexts reveal the timeless theme of societal expectations and the impact of appearance on individual lives.

the impact of beauty standards is crucial as it influences individuals' self-esteem, body image, and mental well-being. Unrealistic standards can contribute to feelings of inadequacy and perpetuate harmful practices. On a societal level, these standards can foster discrimination and limit diversity, reinforcing narrow definitions of attractiveness. Recognizing and challenging these norms promotes inclusivity and healthier perspectives on beauty.

* References:

Liebelt, Claudia. “Beauty and the Norm: An Introduction: Debating Standardization In ...” Debating Standardization in Bodily Appearance, Jan. 2019, www.researchgate.net/publication/327227302_Beauty_and_the_Norm_An_Introduction_Debating_Standardization_in_Bodily_Appearance

Minsariya, Aklima. “The Rape of the Lock and Its Understanding of Modern-Day Feminism.” The Rape of The Lock and Its Understanding of  Modern-Day Feminism, 2019, course-journals.lib.sfu.ca/index.php/eng420/article/download/287/272/1227

Pachocha, Aron. “What Are Society’s Beauty Standards Today? (2023).” Fashion Coached, 27 Nov. 2023, fashioncoached-com.ngontinh24.com/articles/what-are-society-s-beauty-standards-today

Syarifah, Ma’Isyatusy. “Deconstruction of Women’s Beauty Standard on Social Media: ”Jan. 2022,  

www.researchgate.net/publication/361843120_Deconstruction_of_Women’s_Beauty_Standard_on_Social_Media_An_Analysis_Corresponding_author

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A Comparative Analysis of Social Realism in "Jude the Obscure" and "Godan"

 

* Table of contents:

• Personal Information 
• Assignment Details
• Abstract 
• Introduction
• Background Information
• Characterization and Social Struggles
• Marriage and Social Norms
• Religious and Cultural Influences
• Conclusion
• References 

* personal Information:

• Name: Maruniya Jay B
• Batch: M.A sem 1
• Enrollment No: 5108230027
• Roll No: 15
• Email ID: maruniyajay2018@gmail.com

* Assignment Details:

• Topic: A Comparative Analysis of Social Realism in "Jude the Obscure" and "Godan"
• Paper and subject code: 104- Literature of Victorians ( 22395)
• Submitted To: smt. Sujata Binoy Gardi, Department of English, MKBU, Bhavnagar 
• Date of submission:01/December/2023

* Abstract:

In his novel "Jude the Obscure," Thomas Hardy simultaneously transformed both the gothic and bildungsroman genres of literature, giving English literature a remarkably influential addition to the canon.

Hori, the tragic protagonist of the novel is poor peasant of Indian village named Belari. He is the representative of the Indian peasantry. Indian village and condition of farmer is the central of the story of Godan. The peasant of India like, Hori, is so tightly caught by the landlords, the police, the moneylenders, and so important the ‘Biradari’ (Society), from which he belongs. The social customs and conditions are so complicated for poor man like Hori. Poor man cannot run away from it and never get peace in it. There is no possibility to escape from it. Death is the only way of realise from it but for Hori’s death is not helpful .

* Introduction:

 

• Jude the obscure:

“Then if children make so much trouble, why do people have 'em?”( Jude the obscure)

Jude the Obscure, novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1894–95 in an abridged form in Harper’s New Monthly as Hearts Insurgent; published in book form in 1895.Jude the Obscure is Hardy’s last work of fiction and is also one of his most gloomily fatalistic, depicting the lives of individuals who are trapped by forces beyond their control. Jude Fawley, a poor villager, wants to enter the divinity school at Christminster (the University of Oxford). Sidetracked by Arabella Donn, an earthy country girl who pretends to be pregnant by him, Jude marries her but is later deserted. He earns a living as a stonemason at Christminster; there he falls in love with his independent-minded cousin, Sue Bridehead. Out of a sense of obligation, Sue marries the schoolmaster Phillotson, who has helped her. Unable to bear living with Phillotson, she returns to live with Jude and eventually bears his children out of wedlock. Their poverty and the weight of society’s disapproval begin to take a toll on Sue and Jude; the climax occurs when Jude’s son by Arabella hangs Sue and Jude’s children and himself. In penance, Sue returns to Phillotson and the church. Jude returns to Arabella and eventually dies miserably.

• Godan:

“What the world calls sorrow is really joy to the poet.”(Godan)

Dhanpatrai Srivastavi, known as Munsi Premchand is one of the famous writers of the Hindi fiction. He is a versatile genius of Indian literature. In the beginning of his career he was very much influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and started to write under the name, Nawab Rai. His first work of short stories published with the name Soz-e-Watan that becomes source of inspiration for freedom fighters. Therefore, the British government banned on it and ordered to burn all the copies. Many critics considered him as a social reformer and titled him as the ‘Upanyas Samrat’ (King of Novels) in modern Hindi literature. He gave a new dimension to the Hindi literary world by depicting hares social reality to the readers. His many novels have been translated in other languages, Godan is one of them. It was originally written in Hindi language, published in 1936. Godan is Premchand’s last gift to the world of Hindi literature because after four months of its publication, Premchand left the world. Premchand believes that, a living person is more important than God. Through the Characters, Premchand highlights social, economic, religious and political issues as well as class contrast of Indian society. Therefore, many critics compared Premchand with Tolstoy. 

* Background Information:

• Jude the obscure

"Jude the Obscure" is a novel written by Thomas Hardy, published in 1895. The story follows Jude Fawley, a working-class young man with aspirations of becoming a scholar, and his complex relationships with women, education, and societal expectations. The novel explores themes of social class, marriage, and the challenges of pursuing personal ambitions in a rigid society. "Jude the Obscure" received mixed reviews upon its release due to its controversial content, and Hardy faced criticism for addressing issues such as marriage and sexuality. Today, it is considered a classic work of Victorian literature.

• Godan

"Godan," written by Munshi Premchand, is a classic novel in Hindi literature. Published in 1936, it explores the socio-economic struggles of rural India during the pre-independence era. The story revolves around Hori, a poor peasant who dreams of owning a piece of land. The novel delves into the complexities of caste, poverty, and the exploitation of the downtrodden. Munshi Premchand, often regarded as one of the greatest Hindi writers, used "Godan" to depict the harsh realities of agrarian society, providing a nuanced commentary on the human condition.

* Characterization and Social Struggles:

• Jude the obscure

Jude’s status as a gothic novel is assured by the many conventions of the genre it adheres to, including the incestuousness of cousins Jude and Sue’s relationship and the presence of a doppelganger in the person of Little Father Time, Jude’s son with Arabella. Jude is a suitably Gothic hero in the Promethean mold, albeit a failed one in his deeper quest to, “extricate himself from the labyrinth of 19th century thought and courageously open the door to a new millennium” . Though Christminster’s walls exclude Jude, they are a conventionally Gothic locale, as are the various churches that Jude restores as a stonemason. Kraft argues that, “the gothic revival is represented as an ideologically motivated phenomenon used in service of exclusionary social hierarchy and religious dogma, and Jude and Sue’s work as Victorian .

Jude Fawley was himself sui generis for a story that was predominately one of terror gothic, for the genre had long been associated with female writers and lead characters. Though male authors and lead characters became prominent in gothic’s second wave in the 1880s, the male characters were usually depicted in effeminate ways— Stevenson’s home-bound Dr. Jekyll, for instance, or Wilde’s aesthetic Dorian Gray—and female characters were almost completely absent from the narratives. Jude, on the other hand, was the first convincingly heterosexual man in the genre to explicitly fall victim to a patriarchal society. “The two large social groups excluded from the educational advantages of middle- and upper-class men—men and women of the laboring classes and women of the middle and upper classes—rarely perceived themselves, and were rarely represented, as sharing either a class interest or a common symbolic significance within the culture. In Jude the Obscure, however, intellectual and educational aspiration form the first link between the male and female protagonists” . Considerations of society’s rigid gender expectations suffuse the story. Though he displays some rather feminine traits in childhood, by adulthood Jude is more conventionally masculine than most prior leading male characters in gothic literature: he has a laboring occupation associated with men, is married, and has children. His life’s ambition, inspired by Phillotson, the closest thing to a father figure.

• Godan:

Hori, the tragic protagonist of the novel is poor peasant of Indian village named Belari. He is the representative of the Indian peasantry. Indian village and condition of farmer is the central of the story of Godan. The peasant of India like, Hori, is so tightly caught by the landlords, the police, the moneylenders, and so important the ‘Biradari’ (Society), from which he belongs. The social customs and conditions are so complicated for poor man like Hori. Poor man cannot run away from it and never get peace in it. There is no possibility to escape from it. Death is the only way of realise from it but for Hori’s death is not helpful to escape. Hori faces all the reality of poor peasant’s life in his entire life with the hope of relies from it. However, he died because of this condition and with this condition. 

Godan is considered as a social commentary. Through the character of Hori, he tries to revolt against social evils like dowry system, caste system, and orthodox way of life. But, the title of the novel is also symbolic which refers the religious belief of ‘Godan’. According to the Hindu tradition, a man should donate a cow to Brahmin at the last stage of life to earn great merit or salvation. Godan translated in English with the title The Gift of a cow. But, the English title does not convey the religious and sentimental association of the word ‘Godan’. For the Hindu, it is not only ‘the gift’ but it is a way to get ‘salvation’ or we can say ‘Mukti’. Therefore, Godan is suitable title to the novel as far as the religious tradition is concerned, especially Hori’s death is concerned. 

* Marriage and  social Norms:

• Jude the obscure:

"Jude the Obscure" by Thomas Hardy explores societal norms and the institution of marriage in the late 19th century. The novel challenges traditional views on marriage, portraying the struggles of the protagonist, Jude Fawley, as he faces societal condemnation for his unconventional relationships. Hardy critiques the rigidity of social expectations, highlighting the impact on individuals who deviate from conventional norms. The novel reflects the tensions between personal desires and societal constraints, offering a critical perspective on marriage and its role in shaping lives.

The novel also explores the influence of religion and morality on marital norms. Jude and Sue face criticism and ostracism due to their unconventional choices, highlighting the tension between personal happiness and societal judgment.Hardy's critique extends to the educational system and the limitations it imposes on individuals, shaping their destinies. The characters' aspirations clash with the rigid structures of society, leading to a poignant exploration of the consequences of resisting established norms.

• Godan

The novel delves into the complexities of marriage, highlighting the influence of caste, economic status, and traditional expectations on matrimonial relationships. It reflects the challenges individuals face when navigating societal expectations in pursuit of personal happiness and fulfillment.In "Godan," Premchand portrays the institution of marriage as deeply embedded in social structures. Caste plays a significant role, dictating whom one can marry and influencing interpersonal relationships. The characters grapple with economic hardships, adding another layer to the complexities of marriage, as financial struggles often impact marital harmony.

The novel presents a critical view of societal norms, questioning their rigidity and the impact on individual lives. The characters' choices, particularly in matters of the heart, are often constrained by the expectations of their community.

* Religious and Cultural Influences:

• Jude the obscure:

the religious and cultural influences of the Victorian era. The novel critiques societal norms, particularly the institution of marriage, and challenges religious beliefs. Jude's struggles with social expectations and his pursuit of education highlight the clash between individual aspirations and societal constraints, shedding light on the tensions between religion, culture, and personal freedom in the late 19th century.Furthermore, Hardy's portrayal of Jude's relationship with Sue Bridehead delves into the complexities of morality and societal judgments, emphasizing the impact of cultural and religious norms on personal choices. The novel explores themes of fate, free will, and the consequences of defying societal expectations, offering a nuanced examination of the interplay between religious and cultural influences in shaping the characters' lives.

Moreover, Hardy's narrative in "Jude the Obscure" extends the examination of religious influence by critiquing the rigidity of traditional Christian values. The characters grapple with the consequences of going against religious doctrines, portraying the tension between personal desires and the moral constraints imposed by the prevailing culture. The novel thus serves as a powerful commentary on the clash between individual autonomy and societal norms, illustrating how religious and cultural forces shape the characters' destinies in profound ways.

• Godan:

The novel delves into various societal aspects, including religious and cultural influences. It reflects the intricacies of rural Indian life, where religion and culture play pivotal roles. The characters' decisions and actions are often shaped by their beliefs and traditions, offering a profound exploration of the intersection between religion, culture, and daily life in early 20th-century India.In "Godan," Munshi Premchand skillfully weaves a narrative that explores the struggles of the agrarian society in northern India during the pre-independence era. The story revolves around Hori, a poor farmer, and his aspirations for owning a cow, which he sees as a symbol of prosperity.

Religious influences are evident in the novel through the characters' adherence to traditional practices and rituals. Hindu customs, ceremonies, and the caste system play a significant role in shaping the characters' lives. The social dynamics portrayed in the novel highlight the impact of religious norms on relationships, particularly in a rural setting where community ties are closely knit.Cultural influences are deeply embedded in the portrayal of village life, customs, and the challenges faced by the characters. Premchand uses the novel to critique social issues such as poverty, exploitation, and the caste system, shedding light on the cultural complexities of the time.Overall, "Godan" stands as a literary work that intricately intertwines religious and cultural influences, providing a nuanced portrayal of the challenges faced by individuals within the broader socio-economic and cultural context of early 20th-century rural India.

* conclusion:

"Jude the Obscure" and "Godan" remain significant contributions to the literary canon, providing insights into the human condition and the complexities of navigating societal expectations across different cultural landscapes.both powerful works of literature that explore the complexities of human relationships, societal expectations, and the struggles of individuals in pursuit of their dreams. In "Jude the Obscure," the tragic conclusion underscores the harsh consequences of societal norms and the limitations imposed on personal aspirations. On the other hand, "Godan" portrays the challenges faced by a poor farmer in rural India, highlighting social inequalities and the cyclical nature of poverty. Both novels provide thought-provoking insights into the human condition and the impact of societal structures on individuals' lives.

* References:

Parmar, Jitendrasinh; “Munsi Premchand’s Godan and Its Tragic Protagonist Hori Is the ...” Researchgate , Sept. 2018, www.researchgate.net/profile/Jitendrasinh-Parmar/publication/351547831_Munsi_

Rodriguez, Emily. “Jude the Obscure.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 19 Feb. 2018, www.britannica.com/topic/Jude-the-Obscure

Schauer, Mark. “(PDF) Thomas Hardy’s Jude the Obscure - Researchgate.” Dec. 2011,  www.researchgate.net/publication/235941777_Thomas_Hardy’s_Jude_the_Obscure

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Assignment: A Comparative Analysis of " Frankenstein" and " Dracula"

 This blog is part of an assignment for the paper 103 literature of  Romantics , sem- 1 , 2023.

* Table of contents:

• Personal Information 
• Assignment Details
• Introduction
• Background Information
• Comparison of Key Elements
• Impact and Legacy
• Conclusion
• References 

* Personal Information:

• Name: Maruniya Jay B
• Batch: M.A sem 1
• Enrollment No: 5108230027
• Roll No: 15
• Email ID: maruniyajay2018@gmail.com

* Assignment Details:

• Topic: A Comparative Analysis of " Frankenstein" and " Dracula"
• Paper and subject code: 103- Literature of Romantics  ( 22394)
• Submitted To: smt. Sujata Binoy Gardi, Department of English, MKBU, Bhavanagar 
• Date of submission:01/December/2023

* Introduction:

• Frankenstein

About the author:

Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley was born in London in1797 and died in 1851. She was the daughter of William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, two great intellectual rebels of the time. Eleven days after her birth, her mother died leaving her father to look after Mary and her sister. Mary developed an intense affection for her father and he for her, but things became tense when Godwin remarried as Mary and her stepmother did not have a good relationship. Mary never had a formal 

education but learned from the books that she found in her father’s library.

In 1814 she met the young poet, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and went with him to France. They married in 1816, after Shelley’s first wife killed herself.Theyhad a happy but short marriage, and on her husband’s death in 1822, she returned to England with her son, Percy. There she published many of his poetry and prose works, adding to these her own notes.

Frankenstein:

Frankenstein is a Critique of science and its experiments. It is a thoughtful comment on the terrifying consequences of scientific experimentation with life. It 

is grounded on a specific research, namely, that of creating life in the 

laboratory without a mother’s womb. It predicts the modern researches on cloning, and more than anything else, Frankenstein criticizes the way some scientists have been trying to control nature.

Mary Shelley’s emphasis is not so much on the research itself as on some ethical issues that emerge from that research. And those ethical issues have not yet lost their social implications. Frankenstein has become a cultural myth of the modern world and has provided us 

with a metaphor for the potentially disastrous results of thoughtless 

scientific aims because it raises some ethical issues as to the limits of a scientist’s interference with nature. It is an extrapolation of current science and technology and its effects on future worlds, both living and non-living. It gave a wake-up call to scientists and others particularly decision makers to awaken a new consciousness of the 

true realities inherent in the positive and negative potentialities of 

science and technology.

• Dracula

Dracula, Gothic novel by Bram Stoker, published in 1897, that was the most popular literary work derived from vampire legends and became the basis for an entire genre of literature and film.

Dracula has been interpreted as an expression of anxiety about eastern Europeans invading western Europe, as represented by a Transylvanian who arrives in London and terrorizes its residents. Others see Stoker’s novel as an exploration of suppressed sexual desire and a reaction to the patriarchal and conservative norms broadly prevalent in Britain during the Victorian period. Notably, it inverts the era’s stereotypical gender roles through the highly sexualized actions of the female vampires. Yet Dracula can also be seen as the evil of temptation personified as he preys on women who must then be protected by the men around them (though those men still fail, particularly in Lucy’s case). The novel’s complexity, especially in its representation of gender, allows numerous, sometimes contradictory, interpretations.

* Background Information:

• Background Information of " Frankenstein"

"Frankenstein," written by Mary Shelley, was published in 1818. It is a Gothic novel that tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist who creates a sapient creature through an unorthodox scientific experiment. The novel explores themes of ambition, morality, and the consequences of playing god. The creature, often referred to as Frankenstein's monster, struggles with his identity and seeks revenge on his creator. Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" is considered a classic of both science fiction and horror literature, and it has had a significant impact on popular culture.

• Background Information of " Dracula"

"Dracula" is a Gothic horror novel written by Irish author Bram Stoker. It was first published in 1897 and is considered a classic of the vampire genre. The story is told through a series of letters, diary entries, newspaper articles, and ship logs, creating a unique narrative structure.The novel revolves around Count Dracula's attempt to move from Transylvania to England in order to spread the undead curse, and the battle between Dracula and a group of people led by Professor Abraham Van Helsing. The book explores themes of Victorian-era sexuality, immigration, colonialism, and the clash between modernity and ancient superstitions.

* Comparison of Key Elements:

• Themes:

Themes in Frankenstein:

1) Family, Society, Isolation

Frankenstein claims to be a novel that gives a flattering depiction of "domestic affection." That seems a strange claim in a novel full of murder, tragedy, and despair. But, in fact, all that tragedy, murder, and despair occur because of a lack of connection to either family or society. Put another way, the true evil in Frankenstein is not Victor or the monster, but isolation. When Victor becomes lost in his studies he removes himself from human society, and therefore loses sight of his responsibilities and the consequences of his actions. The monster turns vengeful not because it's evil, but because its isolation fills it with overwhelming hate and anger. 

2)Ambition and Fallibility

Through Victor and Walton, Frankenstein portrays human beings as deeply ambitious, and yet also deeply flawed. Both Victor and Walton dream of transforming society and bringing glory to themselves through their scientific achievements. Yet their ambitions also make them fallible. Blinded by dreams of glory, they fail to consider the consequences of their actions. So while Victor turns himself into a god, a creator.

3)Romanticism and Nature:

Romantic writers portrayed nature as the greatest and most perfect force in the universe. They used words like "sublime" (as Mary Shelley herself does in describing Mont Blanc Frankenstein) to convey the unfathomable power and flawlessness of the natural world. Frankenstein, imperfect men disturb nature's perfection. Victor in his pride attempts to discover the "mysteries of creation," to "pioneer a new way" by penetrating the "citadel of nature." But just as a wave will take down even the strongest swimmer, nature prevails in the end and Victor is destroyed for his misguided attempt to manipulate its power.

Themes in Dracula:

1)Illness, Madness, and Confinement

Dracula contains a study of the meaning of "sanity" and "insanity," of "wellness" and "illness." The treatment for both "insanity" and "illness" in the novel is confinement, which recurs throughout. Practically every character in the group questions his or her wellness or sanity at some point. Jonathan Harker, on his trip to Dracula's castle, is confined within the castle as a prisoner of Dracula's. Harker believes he is going insane there.

2)Romantic Love, Seduction, and Sexual Puroty 

Dracula contains a long meditation on "proper," socially-sanctioned love, and "improper" relations of lust and seduction. Much has been made of this aspect of the novel, particularly in 20th-century criticism, and with good reason: it is impossible to separate the act of Dracula's forcible blood-sucking, directed at unsuspecting women, from the process of violent seduction and sexual assault.

3) Life, Death, and the Un-Dead

most important, theme of the novel: that of the relationship between life, death, and the state in between these two, known by Van Helsing as "undeadness." Dracula is a creature of the undead. He sleeps during the day and lives at night; he is of incredible strength when awake, but must be invited into one's room in order to begin his "seduction." But the touchstone of Dracula's undeadness is his inability actually to die—his soul is trapped in a kind of prison, and must be released by the cutting off of Dracula's head, or the driving of a wooden stake through his heart. In this sense, to kill Dracula is to allow him to live—to free his soul from the prison of his body.

"Frankenstein" and "Dracula" are both classic Gothic novels that explore themes of science, morality, and the consequences of playing God. "Frankenstein" delves into the dangers of unchecked scientific ambition and the ethical implications of creating life. On the other hand, "Dracula" explores themes of sexuality, xenophobia, and the clash between modernity and ancient superstitions. 

• Character Analysis:

Frankenstein's creature, from Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein," is a tragic figure driven by loneliness and rejection. Dracula, from Bram Stoker's "Dracula," is a charismatic yet malevolent vampire motivated by a thirst for blood and power. While Frankenstein's creature longs for acceptance, Dracula seeks dominance and sustenance through his vampiric nature. Both characters explore themes of isolation, morality, and the consequences of unchecked ambition, but their motivations and manifestations differ significantly.

Furthermore,Frankenstein's creature is a product of scientific experimentation and the rejection he faces is a consequence of society's prejudice against his grotesque appearance. In contrast, Dracula is a centuries-old vampire with supernatural abilities, embodying the fear of the unknown and the allure of forbidden desires. The two characters also differ in their relationships with humanity – Frankenstein's creature initially seeks companionship but turns to vengeance when rejected, while Dracula preys on humans for sustenance without remorse. 

• Narrative structure:

"Frankenstein" and "Dracula" are both classic Gothic novels with distinct narrative structures. "Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley follows a framed narrative, using multiple perspectives to tell the story. In contrast, "Dracula" by Bram Stoker is an epistolary novel, presented through a series of letters, journal entries, and newspaper articles. While both employ unique structures, "Frankenstein" explores the consequences of scientific ambition, while "Dracula" delves into the supernatural and the struggle between modernity and ancient forces.

• Settings and Atmosphere:

Frankenstein:

"Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley is set in various locations, including the Swiss Alps and Ingolstadt, Germany. The settings contribute to the atmospheric tone of the novel, ranging from the sublime beauty of nature to the eerie laboratories where Victor Frankenstein conducts his experiments. The contrasting environments enhance the story's emotional impact, reflecting the themes of ambition, isolation, and the consequences of playing god.

Dracula:

"Dracula" by Bram Stoker is known for its atmospheric settings. The novel unfolds in various locations, from the eerie Transylvanian castle to the bustling streets of London. Stoker skillfully creates a sense of foreboding through Gothic elements, like the ominous castle and the mysterious Carpathian Mountains. The use of journals and letters as narrative devices adds a personal touch, immersing readers in the characters' emotions. The novel's settings contribute to the overall atmosphere of suspense and horror, making it a classic in the Gothic genre.

* Impact and Legacy:

"Frankenstein" and "Dracula" have had a profound impact on the legacy of Gothic literature and horror genres. Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" pioneered science fiction, exploring ethical implications of scientific advancements. Bram Stoker's "Dracula" popularized vampire mythology, influencing countless adaptations in literature, film, and popular culture. Both works continue to shape discussions on morality, humanity, and the consequences of playing with the boundaries of life and death.

 Furthermore, "Frankenstein," written by Mary Shelley in 1818, is considered one of the earliest examples of science fiction. The novel delves into themes of creation, responsibility, and the consequences of unchecked scientific ambition. Its enduring legacy is evident in numerous adaptations across various media, emphasizing the ethical dilemmas surrounding artificial life.

On the other hand, Bram Stoker's "Dracula," published in 1897, solidified the vampire myth in Western culture. Stoker's depiction of Count Dracula has become the quintessential vampire archetype, influencing subsequent portrayals in literature, film, and television. "Dracula" also explores societal fears, sexuality, and the clash between modernity and ancient superstitions.

Both "Frankenstein" and "Dracula" have inspired countless works, shaping the horror genre and providing a foundation for discussions on morality, fear, and the unknown. These novels continue to captivate audiences and remain integral to the literary canon of Gothic fiction.

* conclusion:

In comparing the conclusions of "Frankenstein" and "Dracula," both novels culminate in a sense of tragedy and resolution. In "Frankenstein," the tragic demise of Victor and his creature underscores the consequences of unchecked scientific ambition. The creature's decision to end his own existence reflects the pervasive theme of isolation and societal rejection.On the other hand, "Dracula" concludes with the triumph over the embodiment of evil, Count Dracula. The vampire hunters, led by Professor Van Helsing, successfully vanquish the threat, freeing Mina Harker from Dracula's influence.

While both novels explore the consequences of playing god-like roles and facing monstrous adversaries, "Frankenstein" leans towards a more somber and introspective resolution, whereas "Dracula" embraces a triumphant tone with the defeat of the supernatural antagonist.

* References:

“Comparative Essay on Frankenstein’s Monster and Dracula.” Edubirdie, 27 Dec. 2022, edubirdie.com/examples/comparative-essay-on-frankensteins-monster-and-dracula/

Navle, Balaji. “Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein: A Treatise of Science - Core.” Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein: A Treatise of Science , 2019, novelcore.ac.uk/download/pdf/29801170 pdf

Lohnes, Kate. “Dracula.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 17 Oct. 2023, www.britannica.com/topic/Dracula-novel. 

Young, Bryan. “Decades Later, ‘Bram Stoker’s Dracula’ and ‘Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein’ Make for a Sublime and Fascinating Double Feature.” /Film, 8 Aug. 2019,

www.slashfilm.com/568289/bram-stokers-dracula-and-mary-shelleys-frankenstein/. 

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Assignment:A Comparative Analysis of Political intrigue and Ambition " Absalom and Achitophel" and the " Mahabharata"

 This blog is part of an assignment for the paper 101 literature of Elizabeth and Restoration periods, sem- 1 , 2023

* Table of contents:

• Personal Information
• Assignment detail
• Introduction
• Background Information 
• Comparison of Themes
• Character Analysis
• Conclusion
• References

* Personal Information:

• Name: Maruniya Jay B

• Batch: M.A sem 1

• Enrollment No: 5108230027

• Roll No: 15

• Email ID: maruniyajay2018@gmail.com

* Assignment Details:

• Topic: A Comparative Analysis of Political intrigue and Ambition "Absalom and Achitophel" and the " Mahabharata"

• Paper and subject code: 101- Literature of Elizabeth and Restoration periods ( 22392)

• Submitted To: smt. Sujata Binoy Gardi, Department of English, MKBU, Bhavanagar 

• Date of submission:01/December/2023

* Introduction:

• " Absalom and Achitophel"

Absalom and Achitophel is a satirical poem written by John Dryden published in 1681 and is written in heroic couplet. It narrates the Biblical rebellion of Absalom against King David. It is an allegory used to represent the story that was contemporary to Dryden [1679-1681] that concerned King Charles II. It also has reference to the Popish Plot 1678and the Monmouth rebellion 1685.1681, a crisis occurred in the conflict between Shaftesbury and his followers, who wished to exclude the Catholic Duke of York from succession to the throne and those who stood with the King himself in favor of true succession. Towards the end of the year,Shaftesbury was to be brought before the Grand jury and Dryden was asked by the King himself to write a poem in opposition tothe pamphlets stating the Whig case. Its publication was timed to influence the case of Shaftesbury’s trial but he was acquitted by the grand jury.

Dryden wrote a narrative poem describing the events which had led to that particular situation in the manner in which the King’s followers wanted them to be viewed. He paints the official picture. The poetical intention of the poem is emphasized by the fact that the concluding speech from the throne summarizes several of the arguments put forward in the official defense of the dissolution of the parliament.

• "  The Indian epic " Mahabharata "

The Mahabharata is an Indian epic where the main story revolves around two branches of a family – the Pandavas and the Kauravas, who in the Kurukshetra war, battle for the throne of Hastinapur. Interwoven into this narrative are several smaller stories about people dead or living and philosophical discourses. Krishna Dwaipayan Vyasa, himself a character in the epic,composed it; as according to tradition, he dictated the verses and Ganesha wrote them down.

100000 verses, it is the longest 

epic poem ever written, generally thought to have been composed in the 4th century BC or earlier.The events in the epic play out in the Indian subcontinent and surrounding areas. It was first narrated by a student of Vyasa at a snake sacrifice of the great grandson of one of the major characters of the story.

Including within it the Bhagavad Gita, the Mahabharata is one of the most 

important texts of an ancient Indian, indeed world literature. It is said that ,

        कर्मण्येवाधिकारस्ते मा फलेषु कदाचन।

"You have the right to perform your prescribed duty, but you are not entitled to the fruits of your actions."

It means something which is not in Mahabharata, that is not found in Bharata. This line is the biggest compliment for the book. within the 

Indian tradition it is sometimes called the fifth Veda.

*  background Information:

• Background Information on " Absalom and Achitophel"

The poem uses the biblical story of Absalom's rebellion against his father, King David, as a parallel to the political events of the time, specifically the Exclusion Crisis in England.In the poem, King David represents King Charles II, Absalom symbolizes Charles's illegitimate son, James, Duke of Monmouth, and Achitophel is a character representing the Earl of Shaftesbury, a key figure in the Exclusion Crisis. The crisis revolved around the question of whether James, a Roman Catholic, should be excluded from the throne, given the predominantly Protestant political climate in England.

• Background Information of " Mahabharata"

The epic revolves around the Kurukshetra War, a great battle between two branches of the Kuru dynasty—the Pandavas and the Kauravas. It explores complex themes such as dharma (righteousness), karma (action), and the nature of existence. The Bhagavad Gita, a sacred Hindu scripture, is a part of the Mahabharata and is a conversation between Prince Arjuna and the god Krishna, who serves as his charioteer.The Mahabharata is not just a war narrative; it contains various sub-stories, including the famous tale of Bhishma, the birth of Krishna, and the adventures of the Pandavas in exile. The epic also includes the "Mahabharata War," a conflict with profound moral and philosophical implications.

Comprising over 100,000 shlokas (verses), the Mahabharata is divided into 18 parvas (books), with the Bhishma Parva and the Bhagavad Gita being notable sections.

  

* Comparison of Themes:

• Political intrigue

Political intrigue in " Absalom and Achitophel"

"Absalom and Achitophel" is a satirical poem by John Dryden that allegorically addresses political events in 17th-century England, particularly the Exclusion Crisis. The poem explores the intrigue surrounding the succession to the throne and the political maneuvering of various characters. Notable figures, such as King David (representing Charles II) and his son Absalom (representing James Scott, Duke of Monmouth), are portrayed in a thinly veiled narrative of political betrayal and manipulation. The character Achitophel, representing the Earl of Shaftesbury, plays a key role as a scheming advisor. The poem delves into themes of loyalty, power, and the consequences of political machinations.( Daly)

"Great wits are sure to madness near allied, and thin partitions do their bounds divide." ( line 160- 163)

This line reflects on the delicate balance between genius and insanity in the context of political power struggles.

Furthermore,Absalom's rebellion, embodying the aspirations of James, Duke of Monmouth, extends beyond a simple power struggle. It encapsulates the anxieties surrounding the succession and the potential shift in religious dynamics, given James's Catholicism. Achitophel's role as the mastermind strategist mirrors the political machinations of Shaftesbury and others seeking to exclude James from the throne.

"Nor is the people's judgement always true:

The most may err as grossly as the few."(781-782)

• Political intrigue in " Mahabharata "

Some political intrigue from the  show Mahabharata.

There’s no point in occupying the high moral ground if you lose in the process

Contemporary Indian politics is often saturated with an obsession over maintaining the high moral ground, no matter the cost. As the Diplomat reported previously, this mode of thinking led to a disastrous war with China in 1962. This idealism has always been present in Indian thinking, and has often been disastrous. In an anecdotal story, the Hindu king Prithviraj Chauhan defeated and captured the Muslim Afghan invader Mahmud of Ghor in the 1191 first Battle of Tarain. However, he released his prisoner as that was considered morally correct. In 1192, Mahmud returned, and defeated, captured, and executed Prithviraj, an event that lead to Muslim rule over the entire Ganges river valley, the heartland of India.In the Mahabharata, Krishna on the other hand, recommends the use of deceitful and immoral strategies in the service of moral causes. The ends justify the means when major issues are at stake.(Pillalamarri)

War is sometimes justified

हतो वा प्राप्स्यसि स्वर्गं जित्वा वा भोक्ष्यसे महीम्।

तस्मादुत्तिष्ठ कौन्तेय युद्धाय कृतनिश्चयः॥ २-३७

(Die, and you will win heaven; conquer, and you will enjoy sovereignty of the earth;

therefore, stand up Arjuna, determined to fight. )

The Hindu tradition has acquired a reputation for being exclusively non-violent, due to the influence of Gandhi. Gandhi argued, to an extreme, that it would be better to uphold the principle of non-violence over resorting to violence for any cause, even in self-defense. On the other hand, the Mahabharata accepts the idea of a just war. According to Shakuni, war is an option that should only be resorted to after political solutions fail, but once resorted to, it ought to be fought to its conclusion. The epic’s Krishna also tells Arjuna, a Pandava, that once a war breaks out, , it is not only justifiable but mandatory to fight if it is for a good cause. It is also mandatory to resort to war to bring about a desired conclusion rather than to walk away from violence out of the principle of non-violence. Modern India’s treatment of war and its military often seems half-hearted and restrained because of its deep discomfort with power on moral grounds. However, it would do well to remember that only by accepting the use of power can it truly achieve its goals.

Rules and customs ought to be interpreted flexibly

Throughout the Mahabharat, both Krishna and Shakuni argue that rules and customs should serve certain social functions and that when they cease to do so, they should be discarded or loosely followed. Duty can thus be amended when it pursues a course of action that is inflexible.In the Mahabharata, the Panadavas felt honor bound to play a game of dice to the end, even though it resulted in the gambling away of their kingdom and their queen. In many parts of India today, a bloated sense of following a narrow rule-based honor leads to caste-based discrimination or violence against women. If following such a strict sense of morality leads to actions that are immoral, then it is better to evaluate one’s notion of duty and honor.

• Ambition:

* Ambition on " Absalom and Achitophel"

In "Absalom and Achitophel,"  ambition plays a central role in the political intrigue and power struggles depicted. The character of Absalom, representing the Duke of Monmouth, is driven by ambition to challenge his father, King David (Charles II). Similarly, Achitophel, a crafty advisor, manipulates Absalom's ambition for his own political agenda. The poem explores how unchecked ambition can lead to political unrest and betrayal, serving as a cautionary tale about the consequences of ambitious pursuits in the realm of power and politics.

In God ’tis glory: And when men aspire,

’Tis but a spark too much of heavenly fire.( Absalom and Achitophel)

Furthermore, the poem delves into the complexities of political allegiances and the consequences of ambition when it goes unchecked. It highlights the challenges of navigating the intricate web of power dynamics and the potential for betrayal when personal ambitions clash with the greater good. Dryden uses the biblical narrative as a backdrop to comment on the political landscape of his time, offering a reflection on the dangers of ambition in the context of leadership and governance.

For whatsoe'er their sufferings were before,

That change they covet makes them suffer more.( Absalom and Achitophel)

* Ambition on " Mahabharata"

Ambition plays a significant role in the Mahabharata, especially seen in characters like Duryodhana and his desire for power, which ultimately leads to the Kurukshetra war. On the other hand, Arjuna's ambition to uphold righteousness and fulfill his duty as a warrior is also a central theme, highlighting the contrast in motivations among the characters. The epic explores the consequences of unchecked ambition and the importance of aligning one's goals with virtuous principles.

 

परित्राणाय साधुनां विनाशाय च दुष्कृताम्।

धर्मसंस्थानार्थाय सम्भवामि युगे युगे॥ ४-८

(Whenever and wherever there is a decline in religious practice, O descendant of Bharata, and a predominant rise of irreligion – at that time I descend Myself.)

Furthermore,Duryodhana, one of the key characters in the Mahabharata, exemplifies the darker side of ambition. His intense desire for power and the throne blinds him to ethical considerations, leading to conflicts with the Pandavas. Duryodhana's ambition drives him to conspire against the Pandavas, resulting in their exile and the infamous game of dice, which accelerates the path towards the Kurukshetra War.Conversely, Arjuna's ambition is grounded in his duty (dharma) as a warrior and prince. His internal struggle about fighting in the war, which involves battling his own relatives and teachers, provides a philosophical dimension to the narrative.

The Bhagavad Gita, a part of the Mahabharata, captures the discourse between Arjuna and Lord Krishna, exploring themes of duty, righteousness, and the true nature of ambition.The Mahabharata, through these characters and their ambitions, delves into the complexities of human nature, morality, and the consequences of unchecked desires. It serves as a profound epic that reflects on the balance between ambition and ethical principles.

* Character Analysis:

• Character Analysis of "Absalom and Achitophel"

the characters Absalom and Achitophel represent historical figures from the biblical story of King David. Absalom, the illegitimate son of David, symbolizes the Duke of Monmouth, an illegitimate son of Charles II. Achitophel represents the Earl of Shaftesbury, a political figure involved in the Exclusion Crisis.Absalom embodies youthful rebellion and political ambition, reflecting Monmouth's attempt to gain the throne. Achitophel, as a cunning adviser, mirrors Shaftesbury's role in plotting against the king. The poem explores themes of loyalty, betrayal, and the consequences of political intrigue.The characters play crucial roles in illustrating the complexities of political power struggles, with Absalom's rebellion and Achitophel's scheming serving as central elements in the narrative. The poem ultimately reflects Dryden's views on the dangers of political unrest and the importance of stability in leadership.

• Character Analysis of " Mahabharata"

Notable character are ,

Arjuna: Skilled warrior and central figure, conflicted about fighting in the Kurukshetra War.

Krishna: Arjuna's charioteer and guide, a divine incarnation with a key role in the epic.

Yudhishthira: Eldest Pandava, known for his adherence to dharma (righteousness).

Bhishma: Grandfather figure, bound by an oath of loyalty, he plays a crucial role in the conflict.

Duryodhana: Kaurava prince, driven by jealousy and rivalry with the Pandavas.

Karna: Raised as a charioteer's son, a skilled warrior with a tragic fate.

Draupadi: Common wife of the Pandavas, subjected to humiliation and a symbol of resilience.

Shakuni: Mastermind behind the Kauravas, known for his cunning and deceit.

These characters reflect complex human traits, and their interactions explore themes of duty, morality, and destiny. The Mahabharata serves as a rich source of philosophical and ethical teachings through the experiences of its diverse characters.

 * Conclusion:

"Absalom and Achitophel" by John Dryden and the Mahabharata both explore themes of political intrigue and ambition. In "Absalom and Achitophel," the power struggle between Absalom and David reflects the political landscape of Dryden's time. In the Mahabharata, the Kurukshetra war unfolds due to political disputes within the Kuru dynasty, driven by ambition and conflicting interests.both works highlight the consequences of unchecked ambition and political maneuvering. 

* References:

Daly, Patrick J. “‘Rome’s Other Hope’: Charles, Monmouth, and James in the Summer of 1676.” ELH, vol. 66, no. 3, 1999, pp. 655–76. JSTOR,http://www.jstor.org/stable/30032089 . Accessed 22 Nov. 2023.

 J.R., Oppenheimer. “Bhagavad Gita Quotes with Meaning in Hindi and English.” ReSanskrit, 20 July 2023, resanskrit.com/blogs/blog-post/bhagavad-gita-most-useful-quotes-hindi-english. 

Dryden, John. “Absalom and Achitophel by John Dryden.” Poetry Foundation, 22 Nov. 2023, www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44172/absalom-and-achitophel.

Pillalamarri, Akhilesh. “3 Political Lessons from the Mahabharat.” – The Diplomat, The Diplomat, 23 Aug. 2014, thediplomat.com/2014/08/3-political-lessons-from-the-mahabharat/. Accessed 22 Nov. 2023. 

Mohanty, Prafulla Kumar. “The ‘Mahabharata’: A Reading in Political Structuring.” Indian Literature, vol. 49, no. 1 (225), 2005, pp. 146–51. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23346584. Accessed 22 Nov. 2023

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